The subject believes that for each wrong answer, the learner was receiving actual electric shocks, though in reality there were no such punishments. Being separated from the subject, the confederate set up a tape recorder integrated with the electro-shock generator, which played pre-recorded sounds for each shock level.
Relation to Other Concepts Puppet Government Puppet, Vassal or Satellite states have been routinely used in exercises of foreign policy to give weight to the arguments of the country that controls them.
These states are also used to give the impression of legitimacy to domestic policies that are ultimately harmful to the population they control, while benefiscial to the government that controls them. Even outside the spectrum of sovereign powers many multiparty democratic systems give foreign powers the capacity to influence political discourse through shills and psuedo sock-puppets. Thanks to the reliance of many political parties on external sources of revenue for campaigns it can be easy for a government or business to either choose which party it funds or to outright create one.
This way they can either choose to support existing minority voices that echo their views or form their own, using their funds and usually semi-covert influence to make them a. Shill more prominent voice. Another concept in foreign policy is seen in sovereign alliances. In these instances, an allied country acts on behalf of anothers interests so that it appears that the original power does not want to get involved.
This is useful in situations where there is little public support in the original country for the actions. This type of collusion is typically practiced between countries that share common goals and are capable of returning favours. An example of this may be Cuba's role during the Cold War, in sending active combat troops to wars in Africa when it was unpalatable for the USSR to do so.
In these operations a government or organisation attempts to impersonate another party while committing an act that will allow it to react. Undercover Operations During covert operations or police investigations agents may routinely claim to be of political views or a part of an organisation in order to gain the confidence of the people they wish to surveil. Sometimes this goes further with the agents participating in acts on behalf of the organisations they infiltrate or falsely represent as was the case during the Operations like Gladio and Chaos.
Often the end goal is not just to gain information about the organisation but to discredit them in the eyes of the public. However, these kinds of actions are more similar to False Flag Operations then typical Undercover Operations. In other examples, operatives may act in a manner they deem positive to assist an organisation they cannot have overt ties to. References [1] "FTC v. Greeting Cards of America, Inc.
Retrieved 25 November External links FTC v. Sleight of hand Sleight of hand, also known as prestidigitation "quick fingers" or legerdemain, is the set of techniques used by a magician or card sharp to manipulate objects such as cards and coins secretly. It can be contrasted with the flourish, where the magician intentionally displays skills, such as the ability to cut cards one-handed, which is akin to juggling. Advanced sleight of hand requires months or years of practice before it can be performed proficiently in front of spectators.
Sleight of hand is mostly employed in close-up magic, but it can also be used in stage magic. There are hundreds of different sleights at the performer's disposal, but they can generally be classified into groups such as switches, changes, and others. There are several stories about magicians using sleight of hand in real life, such as when American illusionist David Copperfield used sleight of hand to fool a mugger into thinking he had nothing in his pockets, even though he was carrying a cellphone, passport and wallet.
Etymology Sleight, meaning dexterity or deceptiveness, comes from the Old Norse slg,[3] meaning cleverness, cunning, slyness. Slight descends from the Old Norse slettr, meaning plain, flat, even, smooth, level. Sleight of hand in close-up magic Sleight of hand is often used in close-up magic, performed with the audience close to the magician, usually within three or four meters, possibly in physical contact.
It often makes use of everyday items as props, such as cards and coins. The guiding principle of sleight-of-hand, articulated by legendary close-up magician Dai Vernon, is "be natural. It is commonly believed that sleight of hand works because the hand is quicker than the eye but this is usually not the case. In addition to manual dexterity, sleight of hand depends on the use of psychology, timing, misdirection, and natural choreography in accomplishing a magical effect.
Misdirection is perhaps the most important component of the art of sleight of hand. The magician choreographs his actions so that all spectators are likely to look where he or she wants them to. More importantly, they do not look where the performer does not wish them to look. Two types of misdirection are timing and movement. Timing is simple: by allowing a small amount of time to pass after an action, events are skewed in the viewer's mind.
Movement is a little more complicated. A phrase often used is "A larger action covers a smaller action. Another common misconception is that close-up magic must utilise either sleight of hand or some kind of rigged apparatus.
However, as Henry Hay's Cyclopedia of Magic[6] [7] says, "Many small tricks, especially card tricks, require neither apparatus nor sleight of hand; much apparatus of the "gimmick" type does not require sleight of hand. Illusions, because they deal with objects too big to hold in the hand, are one class of magic that seldom require sleight of hand--though even here sleight of hand "forcing" may be called into play.
There are successful illusionists and apparatus conjurers who can do no sleight of hand at all, but their difficulties and restrictions deserve our sympathy rather than our scorn. Principles of sleight of hand The magicians Penn and Teller have been known, as part of their act, to explain sleight of hand while demonstrating it with a performance by Teller, appearing to merely dispose of an old cigarette and light a new cigarette.
Teller is, in fact, simply hiding and replacing the same cigarette without ever putting it out. While Teller performs, Penn describes what he is doing, and explains the seven principles of sleight of hand.
Palm - To hold an object in an apparently empty hand. Ditch - To secretly dispose of an unneeded object. Steal - To secretly obtain a needed object. Load - To secretly move an object to where it is needed.
Simulation - To give the impression that something has happened that has not. Misdirection - To lead attention away from a secret move. Switch - To secretly exchange one object for another. In "The Trick Brain", Fitzkie identifies 17 fundamental effects in magic.
However it is debatable that the changes in position, material, form, color, size, temperature and weight could all be classified as a change. Production 2. Vanish 3. Change in position 4. Change in material 5. Change in form 6.
Change in color 7. Change in size 8. Change in temperature 9. Change in weight Magnetism Levitation Penetration Restoration Remote control Sympathy Divination Comprising all feats of mental magic Deceit Sleight-of-hand techniques can also be used to cheat in gambling games, in street con games such as the three-shell game, or three-card monte to steal, or, in some cases, to claim supernatural powers, as in the performances of some 19th- and early 20th-century spirit mediums.
For this reason, the term "sleight of hand" frequently carries negative associations of dishonesty and deceit, and is also used metaphorically outside the above contexts. The techniques used by gamblers, however, are often very different from those employed by magicians; similarly, the techniques used by some psychics or spirit mediums are often different from those found in "straight" close-up magic and mentalism.
The differences, however, are due to the different working conditions and the different degrees of proximity between spectators and performer; the same basic techniques and approaches are common in all the areas of deception mentioned.
Performers often encourage their audience to believe they have used sleight of hand when they are actually using another principle or gimmick as the means of misdirecting the audience. This directs them away from thinking of a method as simple as the thumb tip. Love To Know Classic Encyclopedia. Retrieved Hay, Henry. Cyclopedia of Magic 1st Ed.
Cyclopedia of Magic reprint ed. Dover Publications. You Tube. Misdirection Misdirection may refer to: a technique used when performing magic tricks see Misdirection magic a technique used in strategy games and warfare see Feint an incorrect charge given by a judge to a jury see Misdirection Legal a technique employed by criminals see Pickpocketing a technique used by the intelligence services see Limited hangout a technique used in American Football see Counter Trey a technique used in fast talk see Psychobabble and Technobabble.
Fraud According to the Collins English Dictionary 10th Edition fraud can be defined as: "deceit, trickery, sharp practice, or breach of confidence, perpetrated for profit or to gain some unfair or dishonest advantage".
The specific legal definition varies by legal jurisdiction. Fraud is a crime, and also a civil law violation. Defrauding people or entities of money or valuables is a common purpose of fraud, but there have also been fraudulent "discoveries", e. A hoax also involves deception, but without the intention of gain, or of damaging or depriving the victim; the intention is often humorous.
Frauds committed by owners and executives were more than nine times as costly as employee fraud. The industries most commonly affected are banking, manufacturing, and government. Types of fraudulent acts Fraud can be committed through many media, including mail, wire, phone, and the Internet computer crime and Internet fraud. The international dimensions of the web and ease with which users can hide their location, the difficulty of checking identity and legitimacy online, and the simplicity with which crackers can divert browsers to dishonest sites and steal credit card details have all contributed to the very rapid growth of Internet fraud.
Types of criminal fraud include: bait and switch bankruptcy fraud benefit fraud, committing fraud to get government benefits counterfeiting of currency, documents or valuable goods charlatanism confidence tricks such as the fraud and Spanish Prisoner creation of false companies or "long firms" embezzlement, taking money which one has been entrusted with on behalf of another party false advertising false billing false insurance claims forgery of documents or signatures, Franchise fraud where the real profit is earned, not by the sale of the product, but by the sale of new franchise licenses.
Fraud securities frauds such as pump and dump tax fraud, not reporting revenue or illegally avoiding taxes. In some countries, tax fraud is also prosecuted under false billing or tax forgery[3].
Elements of fraud Common law fraud has nine elements:[4] [5] 1. Most jurisdictions in the United States require that each element be pled with particularity and be proved with clear, cogent, and convincing evidence very probable evidence to establish a claim of fraud. The measure of damages in fraud cases is to be computed by the "benefit of bargain" rule, which is the difference between the value of the property had it been as represented, and its actual value. Special damages may be allowed if shown proximately caused by defendant's fraud and the damage amounts are proved with specificity.
The NFA works with a wide range of partners with the aim of making fraud more difficult to commit in the UK. It concluded that fraud is a significantly under-reported crime, and while various agencies and organisations were attempting to tackle the issue, greater co-operation was needed to achieve a real impact in the public sector.
The scale of the problem pointed to the need for a small but high-powered body to bring together the numerous counter-fraud initiatives that existed, which is when the NFA was formed.
The NFA works to tackle frauds across the spectrum, but also works on fraud types and fraud issues that are a notable problem. These include identity fraud, mortgage fraud, accommodation addresses, mass marketing fraud and fraud affecting small and medium sized businesses. The current estimate puts the cost of fraud to the UK at 38 billion a year, which equates to a year for every adult in England and Wales. Working with the charity, Victim Support, the NFA has also done some significant work with victims, to ensure they receive the support they deserve if they have been a victim of the crime.
Action Fraud is the place to go to get information and advice about fraud, as well as to report fraud. UK citizens can report fraud online or by calling Notable fraudsters Frank Abagnale Jr. Cassie Chadwick, who pretended to be Andrew Carnegie's illegitimate daughter to get loans. Salim Damji is a convicted fraud artist who defrauded millions of dollars in an affinity fraud. The money came mostly from relatives and members of the closely-knit Ismaili community.
Charles Dawson, an amateur British archeologist who claimed to have found the Piltdown man. Martin Frankel is a former U. He faked suicide. Ashok Jadejahas been accused of cheating people from across India of scores of rupees on the pretext of having divine blessings.
Konrad Kujau, German fraudster and forger responsible for the "Hitler Diaries". Kenneth Lay, the American businessman who built energy company Enron. He was one of the highest paid CEOs in America until he was ousted as Chairman and was convicted of fraud and conspiracy, although as a result of his death, his conviction was vacated. James Paul Lewis, Jr.
Gregor MacGregor, Scottish conman who tried to attract investment and settlers for the non-existent country of Poyais. Colleen McCabe, British headmistress who stole million from her school. Gaston Means, a professional conman during U.
President Warren G. Harding's administration. Matt the Knife, American born con artist, card cheat and pickpocket who, from the ages of approximately 14 through 21, bilked dozens of casinos, corporations and at least one Mafia crime family out of untold sums.
Bam Morrison, who conned the town of Wetumka, Oklahoma by promoting a circus that never came. Frederick Emerson Peters, US impersonator who wrote bad checks.
Charles Ponzi and the Ponzi scheme. Christopher Rocancourt, a Rockefeller impersonator who defrauded Hollywood celebrities. Code named Project Phantom for the lengthy police investigation [13], the organizers lined up a steady supply of vehicles that were to be sold at the auctions.
The cars never materialized and were never purchased. But the operators of the fraud claimed that they had been sold, and because of the natives' tax-exempt status were able to claim the GST exemption. Authorities could only guess at the full loss sustained by the Canada Revenue Agency. Rothstein, a disbarred lawyer from Ft. Michael Sabo, best known as a check, stocks and bonds forger. He became notorious in the s throughout the s as a "Great Impostor" over aliases, and earned millions from such.
Kevin Trudeau, US writer and billiards promoter, convicted of fraud and larceny in , known for a series of late-night infomercials and his series of books about "Natural Cures "They" Don't Want You to Know About". Related Apart from fraud, there are several related categories of intentional deceptions that may or may not include the elements of personal gain or damage to another individual: obstruction of justice 18 U.
Notes [1] fraud. Random House, Inc. Association of Certified Fraud Examiners. Kelly, No. Roettger, S. Associated Press. Retrieved October 8, Reuters Thomson Reuters. Retrieved December 10, ISBN ASP Press. Criminal Fraud, Vol, 48, No. Ponzi scheme A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation that pays returns to separate investors, not from any actual profit earned by the organization, but from their own money or money paid by subsequent investors.
The Ponzi scheme usually entices new investors by offering returns other investments cannot guarantee, in the form of short-term returns that are either abnormally high or unusually consistent.
The perpetuation of the returns that a Ponzi scheme advertises and pays requires an ever-increasing flow of money from investors to keep the scheme going. The system is destined to collapse because the earnings, if any, are less than the payments to investors. Usually, the scheme is interrupted by legal authorities before it collapses because a Ponzi scheme is suspected or because the promoter is selling unregistered securities.
As more investors become involved, the likelihood of the scheme coming to the attention of authorities increases. While the system eventually will collapse under its own weight, the example of Bernard Madoff's police mugshot of Charles Ponzi. The scheme is named after Charles Ponzi[1] who became notorious for using the technique in early Ponzi did not invent the scheme for example Charles Dickens' novel Little Dorrit described such a scheme decades before Ponzi was born , but his operation took in so much money that it was the first to become known throughout the United States.
Ponzi's original scheme was based on the arbitrage of international reply coupons for postage stamps, however he soon diverted investors' money to support payments to earlier investors and himself. Knowingly entering a Ponzi scheme, even at the last round of the scheme, can be rational economically if there is a reasonable expectation that government or other person or organisation will bail out those participating in the scheme.
Hypothetical example Suppose an advertisement is placed that promises extraordinary returns on an investment for example, 20 percent on a day contract.
The objective is usually to deceive laymen who have no in-depth knowledge of finance or financial jargon. Verbal constructions that sound impressive but are essentially meaningless will be used to dazzle investors: terms such as "hedge futures trading," "high-yield investment programs," "offshore investment" might be used. The promoter will then proceed to sell stakes to investorswho are essentially victims of a confidence trickby taking advantage of a lack of investor knowledge or competence.
Claims of a "proprietary" investment strategy, which must be kept secret to ensure a competitive edge, may also be used to hide the nature of the scheme. Without the benefit of precedent or objective prior information about the investment, only a few investors are tempted, usually for small sums. Thirty days later, the investor receives the original capital plus the 20 percent return.
At this point, the investor will have more incentive to put in additional money and, as word begins to spread, other investors grab the "opportunity" to participate, leading to a cascade effect deriving from the promise of.
Ponzi scheme extraordinary returns. However, the "return" to the initial investors is being paid out of the investments of new entrants, and not out of profits. One reason that the scheme initially works so well is that early investors, those who actually got paid the large returns, commonly reinvest their money in the scheme it does, after all, pay out much better than any alternative investment.
Thus, those running the scheme do not actually have to pay out very much net ; they simply have to send statements to investors showing them how much they earned by keeping the money, maintaining the deception that the scheme is a fund with high returns. Promoters also try to minimize withdrawals by offering new plans to investors, often where money is frozen for a longer period of time, in exchange for higher returns. In times of instant information your resume and cover letter go hand in.
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